1. Product Structure and Interfacial Engineering
1.1 Core-Shell Structure and Bonding Mechanism
(Copper-Coated Steel Fibers)
Copper-coated steel fibers (CCSF) are composite filaments consisting of a high-strength steel core wrapped up by a conductive copper layer, developing a metallurgically adhered core-shell design.
The steel core, generally low-carbon or stainless steel, offers mechanical toughness with tensile staminas exceeding 2000 MPa, while the copper coating– generally 2– 10% of the total diameter– imparts exceptional electric and thermal conductivity.
The interface in between steel and copper is essential for efficiency; it is engineered through electroplating, electroless deposition, or cladding processes to make sure solid attachment and very little interdiffusion under operational stresses.
Electroplating is the most usual technique, supplying accurate density control and consistent coverage on constant steel filaments drawn through copper sulfate baths.
Correct surface pretreatment of the steel, including cleaning, pickling, and activation, makes certain optimal nucleation and bonding of copper crystals, preventing delamination throughout subsequent processing or service.
With time and at raised temperature levels, interdiffusion can form breakable iron-copper intermetallic stages at the user interface, which may compromise versatility and long-term integrity– a challenge minimized by diffusion obstacles or rapid processing.
1.2 Physical and Useful Characteristic
CCSFs combine the most effective characteristics of both constituent steels: the high flexible modulus and exhaustion resistance of steel with the premium conductivity and oxidation resistance of copper.
Electric conductivity typically ranges from 15% to 40% of International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), depending on coating thickness and purity, making CCSF considerably much more conductive than pure steel fibers (
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